• Edward III of England: Asserted the initial claim to the French throne and won early victories.
   

• Philip VI of France: First Valois king, defended French interests early in the war.
   

• Henry V of England: Famous for Agincourt, temporarily controlled much of France.
   

• Joan of Arc: The French peasant girl and military leader who became a symbol of French resistance and nationalism.
   

• Charles VII of France: The Dauphin who was crowned king with Joan’s help, leading France to eventual victory.
   

Impact and Legacy

Military Developments

The war saw the decline of the traditional knightly cavalry and the rise of infantry and ranged weapons, especially the English longbow. The use of cannons and gunpowder also began to change siege warfare.

National Identity

The conflict helped solidify the concept of nation-states. Both English and French people began to identify more strongly with their kings and countries rather than feudal lords.

Political Consequences

In England, the war’s heavy cost contributed to political unrest, ultimately leading to the Wars of the Roses. In France, the monarchy was strengthened, and central authority increased.

Cultural Influence

The Hundred Years’ War inspired numerous works of literature, drama, and legend, especially the story of Joan of Arc. It remains a rich subject for historians and the popular imagination.

Conclusion

The Hundred Years’ War was far more than just a dynastic quarrel. It was a transformative conflict that shaped medieval Europe’s military, political, and cultural landscape. Although it ended with French victory, the war’s consequences rippled through centuries, influencing the development of modern Europe and ideas of sovereignty and national identity. shutdown123